نشریه سراج منیر
سال هشتم شماره 31 (پاییز 1397)

Monotheism in worshiping is the key element in prophet's invitations. Before the arrival of Ibn Taymiyyah, the concept of worshiping among the Muslims was clear and there was no disputation. Ibn Taymiyyah claimed some actions in Islam such as supplication to the holy prophet is considered polytheism and will lead to the heresy. Ibn Taymiyyah definition from worshiping is lexical and not technical. He added the condition of love to this definition. There are so many problems in this definition such as ambiguity, being incomprehensive and being against the Quranic usage. In contrary, Ayatollah Mesbah's definition considering the Quranic usage include the condition of believing in deity as a necessary condition in worshiping. According to this definition, actions such as supplication and appealing to God is considered worshiping and legal.

In this article, it will be discussed from the perspective of Deoband School, whether it is possible to resort to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and offer him as a mediator or not? Many Muslims and Deoband School maintain that we can resort to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and put him as a mediator. They answered the doubts concerning to this issue. However, the Wahhabi School influences some members of Deoband School and deny some kinds of supplications to the Holy prophet. Nevertheless, the majority in Deoband School believe in imploring to Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and consider it as a good device for closeness to the God.

Salafi Jihadism is a new movement in Islamic society, which is based on distorted understanding of pure Islamic instructions. For justifying their brutal actions, this group resort to the views of Ibn Taymiyyah from Harran. They try to interpret Ibn Taymiyyah views according to their desires. Mainly, they use Ibn Taymiyyah fatwas in four domains: he believed in promoting Islam by sword, killing civilians at wars if it was necessary, abnormal behaviors in dealing with military prisoners and encountering with Islamic rulers. The Takfirists attribute their awful deeds to the Ibn Taymiyyah fatwas and call him Sheikh Al-Mujahidin. In this descriptive-analytic article, Ibn Taymiyyah fatwas will be put on the judgement according to the Holy Quran, tradition and Islamic scholars from both Sunni and Shia side.

One of the most important theological issues in the Sunni sects is God's visibility with naked eyes. They unanimously maintain that we cannot see the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in this world. However, there is a disagreement in seeing Him in the afterworld in resurrecting day. The pros believe there are some narrations that prove God's visibility in the judgement day. Ibn Taymiyyah thinks that we can surely see the God in the afterworld. He maintain that wisdom, Quranic verses, clear narrations and apostles (Salaf) prove his ideas. However, if we have a closer look, we will know that God's visibility is against the wisdom and God is not an object to be seen. In addition, there are some verses in the Quran and narrations that against God's visibility. Finally, there are some apostles like Imam Ali that believe we cannot see the at all.

One of the best Hadiths, which is narrated on the virtues of Ahl al- Bayt is the following Hadith. Our Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: " one who loves me and loves Imam Ali & Imam Hasan (PBUH) and their parents, at the resurrection day will be at my position." Ibn Taymiyyah as an Islamic scholar maintain that the source of this narration is incorrect. He consider the source book of this narration, "the virtues of disciples" as a weak source. Ibn Taymiyyah says there are so many false narrations in this book and the writer of the book, Ahmad Ibn Hanbal himself, did not mention this saying. According to this research the Ibn Taymiyyah ambiguities is not valid. Moreover, in response to Ibn Taymiyyah we must say that firstly this saying is quoted in "the virtues of disciples" and other source books as well. Secondly. Although a scholar adds this Hadith named Ghati'ee but this person is an authority among the Sunni sect. and finally, the source chain of this narration is considered and proved valid.

Since the Wahhabi and Salafi thoughts are affected from the Ibn Taymiyyah views in the issue of monotheism and polytheism, it is necessary to review his ideas. In this article, firstly, the Ibn Taymiyyah views on monotheism and polytheism is discussed. He divides monotheism in kinds. His division has three problems: it is arbitrary, incomprehensive and useless. Secondly, his division will lead to God's incarnation. He also confused between God and the creator and maintain that the pagans at the time of our Holy Prophet were monotheistic! Finally, his view on being pagan while we believe in God is against his own doctrines and it seems to be contradictory.